Jerusalem - Endless Crusade

3500 BCE
Jerusalem first settled on the Ophel above the Gihon Spring

19th Century BCE
Jerusalem listed in the Egyptian Execration Texts - first recorded mention of the city as Rusalimum

1750 BCE — 1500 BCE
The Hyksos Period

14th Century BCE
The name Jerusalem appears in diplomatic correspondence as Urusalim in the Amarna Letters

1010-970
The reign of King David

1003
King David establishes Jerusalem as Capital of United Kingdom of Israel

970-931
The reign of King Solomon

950
King Solomon commences construction of the First Temple.

931
Division of Kingdom into Israel and Judah.

837-800
The reign of Hezekiah, King of Judah – tunnels conduit from Gihon spring to Siloam pool.

721
Assyrians conquer northern Kingdom of Israel and carry 10 of the 12 tribes into captivity and eventual dispersal.

701
Hezekiah successfully withstands Sennacherib's assault on Jerusalem.

598-587
Nebuchadnezzar's second invasion

597
Babylonians capture Jerusalem

588-586
Nebuchadnezzar's third invasion

586
Destruction of Jerusalem and of the Temple by Nebuchadnezzar, and the exile of the Jews to Babylon (Lam 1.4 / 2.2)

539
Fall of Babylon

537 BCE — 332 BCE
The Persian Period

538
Edict of Cyrus

537
Remnant of about 50,000 Jews return from Babylon by edict of King Cyrus

520
Work begins on rebuilding the Temple

515
Completion and rededication of the Second Temple under Zerubbabel (Ezra 6.15-18)

458
Ezra the Scribe comes from Babylon — Law revived

445
Nehemiah appointed governor of Judea by Artaxerxes, return from Babylon – rebuilds city walls

397
Ezra, the Scribe initiates religious reforms

332 BCE — 63 BCE
The Hellenistic Period

332
Alexander the Great defeats Daruis at Gaugamela and conquers Palestine from the Persians (Daniel 11.3) captures Jerusalem and Helenization begins

323
Death of Alexander in Babylon — Wars of Succession begin

320
Ptolemy I captures Jerusalem

320-198
Rule of the Egyptian Ptolemies

198-167
Rule of the Syrian Seleucids

169
Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-163) outlaws Judaism and on December 25th, profanes the Temple

167 BCE — 63 BCE
The Hasmonean Period

166
The priest Mattathias begins Maccabean revolt

167-141
Maccabean War of Liberation

164
Judah Maccabee recaptures Jerusalem and restores the Temple

166-160
Rule of Judah the Maccabee

160-143
Rule of Jonathan

150
Essene community founded

143-135
Rule of Simon Maccabeus

63 BCE — 324 CE/AD
The Roman Period

63
General Pompey captures Jerusalem for Rome

63-37
Hasmonean rules continues but under the protection of Rome

40
Rome appoints Herod King of Judea

40-AD 4
Reign of Herod the Great

37
King Herod the Great captures Jerusalem

19
Preparation of stones for the rebuilding of the Temple

18
Herod starts actual rebuilding of the Temple

10
Although not complete until AD63, Temple is dedicated About 5/4. John the Baptist, Jesus of Nazareth born (year approximate)

04
Herod the Great dies

BCE to CE/AD

26-36
Pontius Pilate, Roman procurator of Judea for 10 years

31 April 25 / Nisan 14
Crucifixion of Jesus

41-44
Agrippa, king of Judea, builds new city wall (The "Third Wall").

44
Death of Herod Agrippa

63
Temple completed

64,66-73
The Great Revolt - The War of the Jews against the Romans

70
Fall of Jerusalem and destruction of the Second Temple by Titus

73
Fall of Masada

132-135
Bar Kochba's war of freedom - Jerusalem again the Jewish Capital

135
Emperor Hadrian's total destruction of Jerusalem and building of new walls and new city renamed Aelia Capitolina - Jews not allowed in Jerusalem

324 — 638
The Byzantine Period

326
Queen Helena, mother of Emperor Constantine the Great, visits Jerusalem, determines locations of events associated with the last days of Jesus, and causes churches to be build to commemorate them, most notably the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in AD 335.

438
Empress Eudocia permits Jews to live in Jerusalem

614
Persian conquest of Jerusalem — They destroy most churches and expel Jews

629
Recaptured by Byzantines

638 — 1099
The Early Muslim Period

638
Six years after Mohammed's death, the Caliph Omar enters Jerusalem and Jews are readmitted to Jerusalem

691
Dome of the Rock completed by Caliph Abd al-Malik

701
The construction of the al-Aqsa mosque completed by Caliph al-Walid

1010
Caliph al-Hakim orders destruction of synagogues and churches

1099 — 1244
The Crusader Kingdom

1099
Crusaders, led by Godfrey de Bouillon, capture of Jerusalem following Pope Urban's call in 1096. Baldwin I declared King of Jerusalem

1187
Kurdish general Saladin captures Jerusalem from Crusaders. He permits Jews and Muslims to return and settle in the city.

1192
Richard the Lion Heart attempts to re-capture Jerusalem but fails. Treaty with Saladin permitting Christians to worship at their Holy sites.

1219
City walls razed by Sultan Malik-al-Muattam

1244
Khawarizmian Turks capture Jerusalem. End of Crusader rule.

1260 — 1517
The Mameluk Period

1244
Mameluk Sultans defeat the Ayyubids and rule Jerusalem

1260
The Mameluks of Egypt capture Jerusalem

1267
Rabbi Moshe Ben Nahman (Nahmanides) arrives from Spain, revives the Jewish congregation and establishes synagogue and center of learning bearing his name.

1275
Marco Polo stops in Jerusalem on his way to China

1348
The Black Death Plague hits Jerusalem

1488
Rabbi Obadiah of Bertinoro settles in Jerusalem and leads the community.

1517 — 1917
The Ottoman Turkish Period

1517
Ottomans effect peaceful takeover of Jerusalem

1537-1541
Unwalled since 1219, Sultan Suleiman ("The Magnificent"), rebuilds the city walls including the present day 7 gates and the "Tower of David." The Damascus gate in 1542.

1700
Rabbi Yehuda He'Hassid arrives, starts building "Hurva" Synagogue

1836
First visit of Sir Moses Montefiore

1838
First consulate (British) opened in Jerusalem

1860
First Jewish settlement outside walls of the city

1898
Visit by Dr. Theodor Herzl, founder of the World Zionist Organization.

1917 — 1948
The British Mandate Period

1917
British conquest and General Allenby's entry into Jerusalem.

1918
Dr. Chaim Weizmann lays foundation stone of Hebrew University on Mount Scopus.

1920
Sir Herbert Samuel appointed first British High Commissioner and Government House" established in Jerusalem

1925
Hebrew University buildings inaugurated.

1947
United Nations Resolution recommending the partition of Israel.

1948
The Israeli Period

14 May 1948
British Mandate ends and State of Israel Proclaimed.

14 May 1948-Jan 1949
Israel War of Liberation

28 May 1948
New City of Jerusalem remains intact but Jewish Quarter in Old City falls.

April 1949
Israel-TransJordan Armistice Agreement signed, whereby Jerusalem divided between the two countries.

13 Dec 1949
Jerusalem is Declared Capital of the State of Israel.

1965
Teddy Kollek elected Mayor of Jerusalem

5 June 1967
Jordan shells and mortars New City on opening day of the Six Day War.

7 June 1967
Israeli troops capture Old City and Jerusalem reunites.

23 June 1967
Moslems and Christians and Jews again given access to their Holy Places.

1980
Jerusalem Basic Law enacted declaring united Jerusalem to be capital of Israel.

1994
Mutual recognition of Israel and the PLO

* Article was taken from web site CenturyOne Bookstore